Neutral Citation Number: [2011] EWHC 416 (Ch)
Case No: HC09C00813
IN THE HIGH COURT OF JUSTICE
CHANCERY DIVISION

Royal Courts of Justice
Strand, London, WC2A 2LL

Date: 02/03/2011

Before :

MR JUSTICE HENDERSON
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Between :

	(1) KATHLEEN VERONICA BLEASDALE
(2) JOHN CARISS	Claimants	
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	DEBORAH JANE FORSTER	Defendant	

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Mr Tom Leech QC (instructed by Goodman Derrick LLP) for the Claimants
Mr Paul Marshall and Ms Heather Emmerson (instructed by Reynolds Porter Chamberlain LLP) for the Defendant

Hearing dates: 8 and 9 February 2011
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Judgment

Mr Justice Henderson: 
Introduction and background

1.	In this action the claimants, Ms Kathleen (Kate) Bleasdale and her husband Mr John Cariss, claim damages for fraudulent misrepresentation, or alternatively for breach of contract, against the defendant, Ms Deborah (Debbie) Forster.  The claimants say that they were fraudulently induced by Ms Forster to invest in a private company which she had founded in 2005, Stay Put Tag Limited (“SPTL” or “the Company”).  The object of the Company was to exploit and market a device which Ms Forster had invented known as “the Stayput Tag”, the purpose of which was to identify and prevent the misallocation of laundry in care homes and similar institutions.  This was a prevalent problem, of which Ms Forster had personal experience, and a cause of frequent distress to residents and their relatives.  The tag is a small attachment, similar in appearance to a button, which incorporates a radio frequency identification device and enables a garment to be identified by use of a small hand-held scanner.  
2.	In November 2005 Ms Forster transferred the intellectual property rights in the tag to SPTL.  Over the next 18 months she succeeded in attracting support from a small number of investors who were willing to provide seed capital in return for shares in the Company.  By mid-2007 the 200 issued ordinary £1 shares in SPTL were held as follows:
Shareholder	Number of Shares	Percentage Holding	
Ms Forster	81	40.5	
Ms Julie Cryer	20	10	
Dr Mollan	4	2	
Christopher Allanson	55	22.5	
Stuart Stammers	30	15	
Sir Timothy Chessels	10	5	
	200	100	

3.	Dr Rob Mollan was a partner of Mollan & Co Limited who acted as the Company’s accountants.  He was also the financial director of the Company, until his resignation from the board on 1 July 2007.  The managing director at all material times until January 2008 was Ms Forster herself.
4.	The first investment by the claimants with which this action is concerned took place in August 2007.  The immediate background to it was a dispute between Ms Forster and three of her fellow investors, namely Mr Allanson, Mr Stammers and Sir Timothy Chessels (who between them held 42.5% of the shares).  Ms Forster suspected, rightly or wrongly, that her opponents were trying to wrest control of the company behind her back and set up a new venture which would effectively freeze her out from the future exploitation of her invention. The Company was also in severe financial difficulties, and was at risk of insolvent liquidation without continuing financial support.  In these circumstances Ms Forster appealed to Ms Bleasdale for help.  They had never met or been in contact before, but Ms Forster knew that Ms Bleasdale was an experienced and successful businesswoman, and she also knew that Ms Bleasdale was no friend of Sir Timothy Chessels, having successfully sued him for unfair dismissal and recovered very substantial damages of the order of £2 million in a well-publicised dispute.  
5.	Before her first meeting with Ms Bleasdale, Ms Forster wrote a letter to her dated 27 June 2007 which is of such central importance that I will quote it in full:
“Dear Kate
My name is Debbie Forster and I am a serial inventor who has recently had the misfortune of becoming involved with three very unscrupulous investors.  
I do not know even where to begin detailing to you Kate about what Mr Christopher Allanson (CA), Mr Robin Stammers (RS) and Sir Tim Chessels (TC) have done to me and my company during [the last] six months, save as to saying that I am being blackmailed, at the end of my tether with everything, my business, my product offering the Stayput tag and increasingly now my sanity.
You are held in very high regard with many reputable establishments in the city and I am hoping as my last stance that you may be able to help me and save my product.
I understand you are very busy currently and have little time for anything, let alone maybe assisting me, however I am led to believe that you have been in a similar situation with fellow directors, shareholders.
I am now running the company as sole director, my fellow board directors have been so intimidated by CA, RS & TC that they have resigned.  A very lucrative global licence agreement is hanging in jeopardy as CA, RS & TC are refusing to agree to it unless I agree to them transferring their existing 47.5% [sic] shareholding into the very cash rich newly proposed licensee company.  They would then walk away from the debts of the company and still demand their 47% of licensee royalty.  The reason they are stating is “I am not fit to run the company”. Kate I am the one who has got £750,000 contracts and recently have worked this very good licence agreement during the past 6 months, which has attracted major investors from America and I also hold majority shares.  You would not believe the antics they have all played and continue to, they call themselves gentlemen, I call them sexist, greedy, thieving men who [have] no scruples.
I would be so grateful if you could ring me to further discuss this awful dilemma.  My contact details are …
Thank you for your due consideration.”
The apparently clear and unqualified representation in this letter that Ms Forster had “got £750,000 contracts” is at the heart of the claimants’ case in relation to the first and (indirectly) the second investments.
6.	I will return later to some of the detailed history leading up to the claimants’ first investment.  It included a telephone conversation between Ms Forster and the claimants on 13 July 2007, and a meeting between Ms Forster and Ms Bleasdale at the latter’s London office on 16 July when Ms Forster handed over various documents. These included what appeared to be some unaudited management accounts for SPTL for the year ended 31 May 2007, prepared by Mollan & Co, which showed a turnover for that period of £308,379 and a loss on ordinary activities before taxation of only £3,176.  
7.	The first investment took the form of:
(a) a share purchase agreement dated 3 August 2007 whereby Mr Allanson, Mr Stammers and Sir Timothy Chessels agreed to sell their 95 shares in SPTL to Ms Forster, and a further agreement of the same date by which she in turn agreed to sell the shares to Ms Bleasdale for £40,000 (the share sale was structured in this way so that the vendors should not know the identity of the new purchaser); and
(b) a loan agreement, also dated 3 August 2007, whereby Ms Bleasdale agreed to make available to SPTL a loan of up to £210,000, of which £75,000 was to be provided immediately for working capital requirements, a further £50,000 was to be earmarked for repaying the loans which the departing shareholders had made to the company, and the balance was to be drawn down in accordance with a budget to be agreed to provide further working capital. 
8.	The arrangements were completed on the same day.  By a share transfer dated 3 August 2007 Ms Forster transferred 95 shares in SPTL to Ms Bleasdale, who subsequently transferred 47 of her shares to Mr Cariss (who was then her partner, although they have subsequently married). Ms Bleasdale had already paid the £40,000 purchase price for the shares to the Company’s solicitors.  On 3 August she also made the initial payment of £70,000 due under the loan agreement.  Further payments under the terms of the loan agreement then followed, on various dates between 10 September and 30 November 2007, in the total amount of £155,000. 
9.	Following the share transfers mentioned above, the shareholdings in SPTL were as follows:
Shareholder	Number of Shares	Percentage Holding	
Ms Forster	81	40.5	
Ms Julie Cryer	20	10	
Dr Mollan	4	2	
Ms Bleasdale	48	24	
Mr Cariss	47	23.5	
	200	100	

10.	On 16 October 2007 the claimants, Ms Forster and SPTL entered into a shareholders’ agreement which provided, among other matters, that SPTL would:
(a) maintain accurate and complete accounting and other financial records; and
(b) prepare management accounts, operating statistics and such other trading and financial information in such form and as might be agreed from time to time, in order to keep the claimants properly informed about the business of SPTL and generally to protect their interests in a form reasonably acceptable to them, and would send copies to them within 20 days of the end of each month.
Ms Forster undertook to procure, to the extent that she was able, compliance by SPTL with these obligations.
11.	The second investment made by the claimants took the form of a convertible loan agreement dated 24 December 2007 whereby Mr Cariss agreed to make £160,000 available to SPTL to be used for its general corporate purposes. The loan was drawn down in full by 28 February 2008. The terms of the agreement provided that if the loan had not been repaid by 29 February 2008, defined as the “due date”, Mr Cariss could then elect to convert the loan on that date into equity in SPTL at a pre-conversion valuation of SPTL of £500,000.  In the event, SPTL failed to repay any part of the loan by the due date, and Mr Cariss then exercised his option and assigned half of his rights under the agreement to Ms Bleasdale.  This resulted in early March 2008 in the issue of 63 new shares in SPTL, 32 of which were allotted to Ms Bleasdale and 31 to Mr Cariss.
12.	The allegedly fraudulent misrepresentations relied upon by the claimants in relation to the second investment consisted mainly of some draft financial statements for the year ended 30 November 2007, apparently prepared by Mollan & Co, which Ms Forster supplied to Ms Bleasdale in September or October 2007, and a cash flow statement which Ms Forster also sent to the claimants on 21 December 2007 to support a request for £250,000 further funding for the Company.  These documents appeared to paint a relatively rosy picture of the Company’s performance to date and its future prospects. The draft financial statements showed a turnover for the year to 30 November 2007 of £207,355 and a profit on ordinary activities before taxation of £53,871.  The notes to the accounts said that the turnover shown in the profit and loss account “represents amounts invoiced during the year”.  The cash flow statement contained a revised sales forecast that SPTL would make invoiced sales of £2,583,600 during the calendar year 2008.  The claimants say that they relied on this material, and on oral assurances given by Ms Forster in a telephone conversation on 24 December, in deciding to make the second investment. They say that it only subsequently emerged that SPTL’s actual turnover for the year ended 30 November 2007 had been under £10,000, and no customer orders of any significance were obtained during 2008.  
13.	The claimants’ pleaded case is set out in their particulars of claim dated 17 March 2009, which were settled by counsel who now appears for them, Mr Tom Leech (now QC), and were verified by statements of truth signed by them both.  They allege that the fraud was discovered in early March 2008 when the recently appointed new managing director of SPTL, Ms Francine Davis, spoke to a Mr Murphy who was the chief operating officer of Southern Cross Healthcare Limited (“Southern Cross”).  According to the claimants, Ms Forster had orally represented to them in July 2007 that the £750,000 contract which she had obtained for the Company was a contract with Southern Cross to supply tags after the successful completion of a pilot scheme.  Mr Murphy informed Ms Davis, however, that there was no existing agreement in place between Southern Cross and SPTL, and that there was no prospect of any agreement being concluded between them in the immediate future.  
14.	On 13 March 2008 Ms Davis suspended Ms Forster from her employment, and on 1 May 2008 she was dismissed as an employee of SPTL.  She was subsequently removed as a director at a general meeting of the shareholders held on 21 July 2008.  
15.	In the Spring of 2008 SPTL obtained further funding from two new investors, and Mr Cariss also made some further advances to prevent the Company going into insolvent liquidation.  By a series of agreements made on 4 June 2008 between SPTL, a new company called Stay Put Systems Ltd (“Systems”) and Mr Cariss, SPTL transferred its assets to Systems in return for Systems assuming its debts. 
16.	The present action is by no means the only litigation in which the claimants, Ms Forster and SPTL are embroiled.  Ms Forster has issued claims against SPTL in the Leeds Employment Tribunal, claiming unfair dismissal, damages for breach of contract and an award for unlawful deduction from wages.  Those claims have been stayed pending the outcome of the present proceedings. In addition, on 30 March 2010 Ms Forster presented an unfair prejudice petition under section 994 of the Companies Act 2006, seeking an order requiring the claimants to buy her shares in SPTL at a fair value and ancillary relief. The respondents to the petition are the claimants, SPTL and Systems.  On 13 May 2010 the respondents served points of defence, again settled for them by Mr Leech QC.  The points of defence incorporate the same allegations of fraudulent misrepresentation as are made in the action, but as one would expect the issues in the petition are considerably broader than those in the action.  Directions have now been given for the action and the petition to be tried together, and they are listed to be heard in a window beginning on 28 March 2011 with a time estimate of 10 to 15 days.
The present application
17.	The application now before me, only a few weeks before the trial date, was issued as long ago as 29 July 2010. In it Ms Forster asks, in effect, for summary judgment in her favour pursuant to CPR Part 24.2 on all the allegations of fraudulent misrepresentation in the particulars of claim, or alternatively that the relevant paragraphs should be struck out pursuant to CPR Part 3.4(2)(a) and (b) as disclosing no reasonable ground for bringing the claim.  If the application were to succeed, the claim against her would be reduced to a claim for damages for breach of contract.  Ms Forster does not seek an order that the corresponding allegations in the defence to the petition should also be struck out, but it became common ground in the course of the hearing that, if the application succeeded, the claimants would be precluded by issue estoppel from pursuing the same allegations in the context of the petition. 
18.	The application was made after completion of standard disclosure (although I should say that the scope and adequacy of the disclosure made by the claimants have been a matter of continuing concern to Ms Forster and her advisers, and further orders for disclosure were made by His Honour Judge Birss QC at a pre-trial review on 19 December 2010, and again on 1 February 2011).  The basis of the application was described as follows in the Application Notice:
“From the documents disclosed, it is clear that the Claimants’ case in fraud has no real prospect of succeeding.  In particular, the Defendant will say that the documents fail to support the representations allegedly made, fail to support the allegations of falsity, and fail to support reliance by the Claimants.
The documents disclosed in many instances contradict or are wholly inconsistent with the allegations made within the Particulars of Claim.
The Defendant contends that: the representations relied upon by the Claimants were not made; such representations that were made by the Defendant were not false or otherwise not believed to be false; further or alternatively representations that were made by the Defendant that are alleged by the Claimants to have been false were not relied upon by the Claimants in entering into any contracts; further or alternatively, there was no inducement.
The Defendant makes this application because the Claimants have no real prospect of succeeding on their claims of fraudulent misrepresentation.”
19.	On 10 August 2010 Master Teverson ordered that the application should be referred to a judge as an interim application by order with a time estimate of one to one and a half days.  He directed a timetable for evidence which did not end until 29 October 2010, but directed a listing appointment to be taken out before the end of August.  
20.	As is apparent from this leisurely timetable, no effort was made by the Defendant to accelerate the hearing of the application; and in view of the commendably realistic time estimate it is not surprising that the hearing date obtained was in mid-February, only some six weeks before the beginning of the trial window.  This has had the unfortunate result of placing the court under considerable time pressure, in a heavy matter where the application bundle runs to 12 lever arch files (many of them filled near to bursting) and over 3000 pages.
Summary judgment: the governing principles
21.	CPR rule 24.2 provides so far as material as follows:
“The court may give summary judgment against a claimant … on the whole of a claim or on a particular issue if –
(a) it considers that –
(i) that claimant has no real prospect of succeeding on the claim or issue; … and
(b) there is no other compelling reason why the case or issue should be disposed of at a trial.”
22.	The principles which should govern the court in dealing with an application for summary judgment are familiar, but bear repetition. A convenient starting point is the summary given by Lewison J in Easyair Limited v Opal Telecom Limited [2009] EWHC 339 (Ch) at [15], which was approved by Etherton LJ in A C Ward & Son v Catlin (Five) Limited [2009] EWCA Civ 1098 at [24]. Lewison J said this:
“15. As Ms Anderson QC rightly reminded me, the court must be careful before giving summary judgment on a claim.  The correct approach on applications by defendants is, in my judgment, as follows:
(i) The court must consider whether the claimant has a “realistic” as opposed to a “fanciful” prospect of success: Swain v Hillman [2001] 2 All ER 91; 
(ii) A “realistic” claim is one that carries some degree of conviction. This means a claim that is more than merely arguable: E D & F Man Liquid Products v Patel [2003] EWCA Civ 472 at [8];
(iii) In reaching its conclusion the court must not conduct a “mini-trial”: Swain v Hillman;
(iv) This does not mean that the court must take at face value and without analysis everything that a claimant says in his statements before the court.  In some cases it may be clear that there is no real substance in factual assertions made, particularly if contradicted by contemporaneous documents: E D & F Man Liquid Products v Patel at [10]; 
(v) However, in reaching its conclusion the court must take into account not only the evidence actually placed before it on the application for summary judgment, but also the evidence that can reasonably be expected to be available at trial: Royal Brompton Hospital NHS Trust v Hammond (No. 5) [2001] EWCA Civ 550;
(vi) Although a case may turn out at trial not to be really complicated, it does not follow that it should be decided without the fuller investigation into the facts at trial than is possible or permissible on summary judgment.  Thus the court should hesitate about making a final decision without a trial, even where there is no obvious conflict of fact at the time of the application, where reasonable grounds exist for believing that a fuller investigation into the facts of the case would add to or alter the evidence available to a trial judge and so affect the outcome of the case: Doncaster Pharmaceuticals Group Ltd v Bolton Pharmaceutical Co 100 Ltd [2007] FSR 63; 
(vii) On the other hand it is not uncommon for an application under Part 24 to give rise to a short point of law or construction and, if the court is satisfied that it has before it all the evidence necessary for the proper determination of the question and that the parties have had an adequate opportunity to address it in argument, it should grasp the mettle and decide it.  The reason is quite simple: if the respondent’s case is bad in law, he will in truth have no real prospect of succeeding on his claim or successfully defending the claim against him, as the case may be. Similarly, if the applicant’s case is bad in law, the sooner that is determined, the better.  If it is possible to show by evidence that although material in the form of documents or oral evidence that would put the documents in another light is not currently before the court, such material is likely to exist and can be expected to be available at trial, it would be wrong to give summary judgment because there would be a real, as opposed to a fanciful, prospect of success. However, it is not enough simply to argue that the case should be allowed to go to trial because something may turn up which would have a bearing on the question of construction: ICI Chemicals & Polymers Limited v TTE Training Limited [2007] EWCA Civ 725.”
23.	Mr Leech QC also referred me to the helpful observations of Carnwath LJ (with whom Arden LJ and Morgan J agreed, save on an immaterial point) in Mentmore International Limited v Abbey Healthcare (Festival) Limited [2010] EWCA Civ 761 at [20] to [23]:
“Summary judgment
The principles
20. It is important to keep in mind the principles to be applied in deciding whether a case is suitable for disposal on a summary basis. The most authoritative up-to-date statement is that of Lord Hope in Three Rivers DC v Bank of England (No 3) [2001] 2 All ER 513: 
"In other cases it may be possible to say with confidence before trial that the factual basis for the claim is fanciful because it is entirely without substance. It may be clear beyond question that the statement of facts is contradicted by all the documents or other material on which it is based. The simpler the case the easier it is likely to be to take that view and resort to what is properly called summary judgment. But more complex cases are unlikely to be capable of being resolved in that way without conducting a mini-trial on the documents, without discovery and without oral evidence. As Lord Woolf said in Swain v Hillman, [2001] 1 All ER 91, at p. 95 that is not the object of the rule. It is designed to deal with cases that are not fit for trial at all."
21. Another frequently cited passage on the same theme is the judgment of Colman J in De Molestina v Ponton [2002] 1 Lloyd's Rep 271, 280 para 3.5, speaking of the difficulty of basing summary judgment on inferences of fact in a complex case: 
"…, as Three Rivers District Council shows, where the application in such complex cases relies on inferences of fact, the overriding objective may well require the claim to go to trial in the interest of a fair trial. That is because the relevant inference could not be safely drawn without further discovery and oral evidence at the trial. It is thus necessary, where such inferences are relevant, to guard against the temptation of drawing them as a matter of probability, because the achievement of the over-riding object requires a much higher degree of certitude. Where in a complex case, as may often be the situation, the frontier between what is merely improbable and what is clearly fanciful is blurred, the case or issue should be left to trial."
22. To these familiar citations, Mr Reza adds the words of Potter LJ in ED&F Man Liquid Products v Patel [2003] EWCA Civ 472 para 10: 
"However, that does not mean that the court has to accept without analysis everything said by a party in his statements before the court. In some cases it may be clear that there is no real substance in factual assertions made, particularly if contradicted by contemporary documents. If so, issues which are dependent upon those factual assertions may be susceptible of disposal at an early stage so as to save the cost and delay of trying an issue the outcome of which is inevitable…"
23. If Mr Reza was hoping to find in those words some qualification of Lord Hope's approach, he will be disappointed. The Three Rivers case was specifically cited by Potter LJ. He was in my view intending no more than a summary of the same principles. Lord Hope had spoken of a statement contradicted by "all the documents or other material on which it is based" (emphasis added). It was only in such a clear case that he was envisaging the possibility of rejecting factual assertions in the witness statements. It is in my view important not to equate what may be very powerful cross-examination ammunition, with the kind of "knock-out blow" which Lord Hope seems to have had in mind.”
24.	Finally, Mr Leech also referred me to the equally valuable observations of Mummery LJ (with whom Longmore LJ and Lewison J agreed) in Doncaster Pharmaceuticals Group Limited v Bolton Pharmaceutical Co 100 Limited [2007] FSR 63 at [10] to [18] from which I cite the following extracts:
“10. Everyone would agree that the summary disposal of rubbishy defences is in the interests of justice.  The court has to be alert to the defendant, who seeks to avoid summary judgment by making a case look more complicated or difficult than it really is.
11. The court also has to guard against the cocky claimant, who, having decided to go for summary judgment, confidently presents the factual and legal issues as simpler and easier than they really are and urges the court to be “efficient” i.e. produce a rapid result in the claimant’s favour.
12. In handling all applications for summary judgment the court’s duty is to keep considerations of procedural justice in proper perspective. Appropriate procedures must be used for the disposal of cases. Otherwise there is a serious risk of injustice. 
13. Take this case.  Although it was described by the claimant’s counsel as an open and shut case in which a “smoke screen” defence was being raised, it was rightly accepted in the court below that the evidence “looks quite lengthy”. It certainly is lengthy for a Part 24 application.  The papers look to me more like a set of trial bundles rather than interlocutory application bundles. There are four files of witness statements, exhibits and associated legal documents …
…
17. It is well settled by the authorities that the court should exercise caution in granting summary judgment in certain kinds of case.  The classic instance is where there are conflicts of fact on relevant issues, which have to be resolved before a judgment can be given … A mini-trial on the facts conducted under CPR Part 24 without having gone through normal pre-trial procedures must be avoided, as it runs a real risk of producing summary injustice.”
Discussion
25.	In the light of these principles, a number of points may be made.
26.	First, the present case is not one that turns on a short point of law or construction. On the contrary, it involves detailed examination of the relationship between parties who are now at loggerheads with each other over a period of at least a year.  Nor is this a case where the parties’ relationship was governed by a document such as a contract of employment.  The voluminous documentation is only a part of the picture, and in my view it can only be understood and evaluated in the context of the evidence as a whole, including the oral evidence of the protagonists. 
27.	Secondly, the representations pleaded by the claimants are in any event not confined to representations made in or by the production of documents.  They include, in the case of the first investment, an allegation that Ms Forster orally represented to the claimants in a telephone conversation on 13 July 2007 that SPTL had a £750,000 contract to supply the tag to Southern Cross (paragraph 17 of the particulars of claims); and in the case of the second investment, an allegation that on 24 December 2007 Ms Forster expressly represented to the claimants, in another telephone conversation, that the revised sales forecast contained in the cash flow statement supplied to the claimants was reasonable (paragraph 34).  The only safe way in which the court can come to a conclusion about the content of these conversations, and about the relevance and effect of the representations if they were made, is by hearing the oral evidence of the claimants and Ms Forster, and having it tested in cross-examination. Moreover, the view that the court forms of the parties’ evidence may depend on its assessment of their credibility, and that again is something that can only be determined at trial (except in very rare cases where a party’s evidence is inherently incredible or demonstrably worthless).  
28.	Thirdly, the claimants’ pleaded case is supported by their witness statements.  I can illustrate this by reference to Ms Bleasdale’s statement signed on 5 November 2010, beginning with her account of her conversation with Ms Forster on 13 July 2007:
“16. The gist of Debbie’s description of her immediate problem was that the investors (who she inaccurately referred to as being “the board”) were trying to steal the company from her by trying to force her into signing up to a deal under which she would only receive a small royalty on sales of her product … She said that the investors (she repeatedly called them “unscrupulous men”) would take the benefit from the product through another company in which they held all of the shares. She stated that this was all happening despite SPTL having secured a contract for £750,000. I asked her who the contract was with and Debbie replied that the Stay Put Tag had been piloted very successfully with Southern Cross leading to an order worth £750,000.  She said that Southern Cross was one of the biggest care home groups and she repeated that the pilot had been a success …”
29.	Ms Bleasdale goes on to describe the meeting which took place at her office on 16 July, and says that Ms Forster brought her a large number of documents assembled in a purple folder, including a set of “management accounts” for the year ended 31 May 2007.  During the meeting they were joined by Mr Cariss.  They continued to talk about the product, and about Ms Forster’s falling out with her investors.  Ms Bleasdale recalls Ms Forster referring to the existence of a patent, “and also that she was very upbeat about the pilot project with Southern Cross which she said was going really, really well”. Ms Bleasdale then looked at the accounts in Ms Forster’s presence:
“What I can remember drawing from the accounts is that the company had made some sales, had a gross margin, had therefore gone beyond the pre-revenue stage (which was important to me), and had net current assets.”
30.	By the end of the meeting, Ms Bleasdale says that her views on Ms Forster’s proposition were as follows:
“(i) I was very impressed by the underlying idea behind the Stay Put Tag …
(ii) Although, on the basis of what Debbie had told me, the product was reasonably advanced and there had been sales, I thought that some of the components were rather “clunky” and that there was scope for refinement. 
(iii) The fact of a successful pilot was very encouraging as was the contract with Southern Cross and the planned roll out following the pilot. 
(iv) The May 2007 accounts showed that there was some trading history to the company and that this was not a mere start-up.
(v) This could be an attractive investment at the right level if we could get rid of the hostile investors including Sir Tim Chessels.”
By now Ms Bleasdale had decided that she wished to invest in SPTL, but she says she would have thought again if Mr Cariss had expressed any serious objection.  In fact he did not do so, although he was not enthusiastic about the project.  Instead, he was prepared to follow her lead.  
31.	In paragraphs 31 to 34 Ms Bleasdale summarises the factors which led her to make the first investment:
“31. As a result of my discussions with Debbie and what she had told me about the product and its prospects, my original disinclination had changed in favour of making an investment in SPTL. I found her story to be convincing, I felt sorry for her and I thought that the product had considerable potential. My view of the product and its prospects was based on a number of considerations including the views I had formed as set out at paragraph 27 above.  First, I could see an application for the Stay Put Tag in the care home sector and also, possibly, in other sectors where lost and misplaced garments were not simply a practical problem but also a recurring expense which impacted on the bottom line. Secondly, the fact of a committed customer (Southern Cross) was important not just because of the revenue it would bring but also because placing the product with a major player in the care home market would almost inevitably generate further orders from other companies in competition with Southern Cross.  No company likes to see a rival obtain or maintain a competitive advantage or edge. I also drew encouragement from what Debbie had said about the product being close to obtaining a patent (although later this too proved to be wrong). Finally, it was my understanding that by reference to the company having established sales, the product was not simply ready for market but that it was, to some degree, a proven product.
…
33. … I acknowledge that the involvement of Sir Tim Chessels in SPTL played a part in my decisions to help Debbie and invest in the company … I am certain of two things: 
(i) The involvement of Sir Tim Chessels was a factor in terms of my decision to invest; and
(ii) Had I been told that SPTL had no trading record and that its only sales were from the unsuccessful pilot, that there was no contract or commitment from Southern Cross (and in fact that Southern Cross had ruled out a contract), that the original product (subsequently known as Generation 1) was not viable and would need replacing and that Debbie had lied to me and John in her attempts to secure our investment, then I would not have invested a penny into SPTL irrespective of its links with Sir Tim Chessels.
In short, if in July 2007 Debbie had told the plain truth then she would not have gained our support or financial investment.”
32.	I will not prolong this judgment by quoting from Mr Cariss’ evidence, and it is enough to say that his account of these events is broadly consistent with his wife’s.
33.	In these circumstances, it seems to me all but self-evident that the truth or otherwise of the claimants’ case in relation to the critical first investment can only be ascertained at trial; and if that conclusion is once reached, it is then clear that their case on the second investment must likewise go to trial, because both investments formed part of a single continuous course of dealings between the parties, and the claimants’ approach to the second investment will inevitably have been coloured by their experience of, and reasons for, the first one. 
34.	Fourthly, it is relevant to bear in mind that, even if the application were to succeed in full, both the action (in its reduced form) and the petition (shorn of the fraudulent misrepresentation allegations) would still have to be tried. The court will therefore still have to hear extensive evidence from the parties and resolve numerous hotly disputed issues of fact.  For that purpose it will inevitably be obliged to form views about the reliability of the witnesses, and I certainly cannot assume at this stage that those views will necessarily, or even probably, be favourable to Ms Forster. But if I accede to the present application, it can only be on the footing that I do not regard the claimants’ evidence on the misrepresentation issues as being even arguably worthy of credit.  In other words, and to put it bluntly, I must be satisfied on the basis of the documentary evidence that their evidence, although verified by statements of truth, is at best unreliable, and at worst deliberately untruthful.  This would be a very strong conclusion to reach without giving the claimants the opportunity to have their claims and their evidence tested in the way that the law normally provides for, namely by a trial.  In the present case, there would be the added disadvantage that such a conclusion could not bind the future trial judge, who might end up taking a very different view of the parties’ respective credibility. Far better, in my view, since the rest of the case has to go to trial anyway, to leave all the issues, including the misrepresentation claims, to be determined together by a judge who will have heard all the evidence and will have had the time to examine all the transactions in detail. The risk, in the present case, of achieving summary injustice by acceding to the present application is in my judgment a very real one. 
35.	The argument strenuously advanced by Mr Marshall on behalf of Ms Forster invites me to start my examination of the history of the matter at the time when the claimants say the fraud came to light in March 2008.  He argues that the alleged discovery of the truth about the non-existent £750,000 contract with Southern Cross was not, on the evidence of the contemporary documents, the real reason why Ms Forster was dismissed, and it featured hardly, if at all, in the disciplinary process which followed. He says that the documents show that the Company already knew in January 2008 that there was no contract then in existence with Southern Cross. Building on this, he submits that if the claimants’ case on the discovery of the fraud is unsustainable, their pleaded case on the misrepresentations which induced them to make the two investments must be equally unreliable. He points to the apparently complete absence, even after disclosure, of any clear documentary evidence after June 2007 showing the existence of an assumption by the claimants that such a contract was in place, and that it had generated actual sales beyond the pilot. He points to other documents which appear to evidence a belief by the Company, shared by the claimants, that there were good prospects of entering into a future contract with Southern Cross for supply of the second generation tag, it being understood by everybody that the first generation product was unsuitable for a number of reasons and needed to be re-launched in an improved form.  
36.	If I were trying this case on the documents alone, I would acknowledge that there is much force in these contentions.  Mr Marshall developed them at some length, and took me to a considerable number of the documents. But the more he did so, the more it seemed to me that the court was being asked to do precisely what all the authorities warn against, viz. conduct a mini-trial on the documents. It is also crucial to guard against the temptation of drawing adverse inferences, as a matter of probability, on the basis of incomplete evidence. It is a familiar fact of forensic life that, at a trial, the contemporary documents often provide the surest guide to what actually happened, and a yardstick by reference to which the oral evidence of the parties may be tested. But that is a very different matter from saying that it is acceptable to dispose of the case before trial, on the basis of inferences drawn from the documents, without the benefit of oral evidence. Furthermore, there are all sorts of reasons why individual documents may not be reliable, or may not be quite what they appear to be on the surface, or where a different complexion may be put on them by oral evidence.  Hence the well-established and salutary principle that the court should not conduct a mini-trial on a summary judgment application.
37.	In short, the material drawn to my attention by Mr Marshall will no doubt provide powerful material for cross-examination at trial, and for all I know it may in due course help to establish that the claimants’ pleaded case on fraudulent misrepresentation is indeed unsustainable.  But I am nowhere near being persuaded that the claimants’ case is so obviously lacking in merit that it can safely be dismissed at this stage. The particulars of claim were settled by leading counsel, and plead the necessary ingredients of a claim in fraudulent misrepresentation with the necessary high degree of particularity. The claim is supported by the claimants’ witness statements, verified by statements of truth, and is not inherently incredible.  There is no dispute that Ms Forster wrote the letter of 27 June 2007, or that it was received by Ms Bleasdale, or that it was intended to elicit her support at a time when Ms Forster was in desperate straits.  Furthermore, Ms Forster’s defence to the allegations appears to have undergone a number of evolutions, which Mr Leech took me through and I need not set out. Moreover, the claimants’ cause of action was complete as soon as they had made the investments, and even if their account of how the fraud came to light turns out to be unsustainable, it would not necessarily follow that their pleaded case on the fraud itself was equally vulnerable.  These are all matters for trial.  
38.	I hope I have now said enough to explain why this application must in my view be dismissed.  In view of my conclusion, it is desirable that I should say as little as possible about the evidence, because findings of fact will be a matter exclusively for the trial judge.  Equally it would be wholly inappropriate for me to speculate about the extent to which some of the documents may, or may not, be reconcilable with the claimants’ case.  It is enough for me to be satisfied, as I am, that their case is fit to go to trial and cannot be disposed of summarily.
Postscript: events since the hearing
39.	The hearing before me concluded during the afternoon of Wednesday 9 February, when I reserved judgment. On the following Tuesday, 15 February, I received a letter from Mr Marshall inviting me to consider some further written submissions, which were attached, and suggesting that the court might be assisted by a further hearing.  The submissions concerned three exchanges of emails which according to Ms Forster’s solicitors, Reynolds Porter Chamberlain LLP, had been disclosed late by the claimants’ solicitors, Goodman Derrick LLP, on 10 February, the day after the conclusion of the hearing.  Mr Marshall wished to argue that these documents were plainly material to, and affected, the way in which the claimants’ case had been presented at the hearing by Mr Leech.  For example in paragraph 2 of the written submissions, Mr Marshall and his junior, Ms Heather Emmerson, said this:
“As is explained below, the recent disclosure appears to render much of the way in which the Respondents put their case in response to Ms Forster’s application unsustainable. Further, the documents are so clearly material to the way in which Mr Leech QC put the case for the Respondents that an explanation ought to be provided as to why a decision was taken to withhold the documents until after the conclusion of the hearing – unless the documents, amongst hundreds disclosed on 10.2.11 (not under a list), were only identified as falling within CPR 31.6(b)(i) [which requires disclosure of documents which adversely affect the disclosing party’s own case] after the hearing.”
40.	In his covering letter to me, Mr Marshall said that he had notified Mr Leech of his concerns on the previous day, 14 February, and that Reynolds Porter Chamberlain had also raised the matter with Goodman Derrick by a letter sent by email on 14 February requiring an immediate explanation, to which no response had yet been received.  
41.	It subsequently transpired that:
(a) all of the documents in question had in fact been disclosed before the hearing, either as part of the claimants’ original list of documents served in July 2010, or (in one instance) as part of an exhibit to Ms Davis’ witness statement of 5 November 2010, or (in relation to one of the exchanges) as part of item 1042 in the claimants’ supplementary list of documents served on 21 January 2011; 
(b) the notification which Mr Marshall said he had given to Mr Leech before writing to the court consisted of no more than leaving a message on his voice mail on the afternoon of 14 February; and
(c) Mr Leech had been out of London, conducting a case in Manchester, on 14 and 15 February, and he was not able to listen to Mr Marshall’s voice mail message until his return to Chambers on the morning of 16 February, although he had briefly seen Mr Marshall’s further submissions (which ran to 13 pages) on his iPhone over the short adjournment on 15 February.
42.	In these circumstances, Reynolds Porter Chamberlain have very properly offered unreserved apologies to Goodman Derrick, Mr Leech and the court, and withdrawn any suggestion that either Goodman Derrick or Mr Leech misled the court in any way. However, they point out that the emails disclosed on 21 January as item 1042, including in particular an email sent by Ms Davis to a Mr Cashmore on 7 April 2008 upon which Mr Marshall places particular reliance, consisted of a large, unpaginated and unindexed bundle, and the email in question came to light only when the bundle was subsequently provided in electronic form on 10 February and was electronically reviewed on 11 February.  They allege that the disclosure of this item in January involved a breach of CPR 31.10(3) which provides, in relation to standard disclosure, that “[t]he list must identify the documents in a convenient order and manner and as concisely as possible”.  
43.	These criticisms were elaborated in a further letter from Mr Marshall to the court dated 16 February.  While withdrawing his previous unqualified statement that the email of 7 April 2008 had not been disclosed prior to 10 February, and apologising for having stated the position incorrectly, he still voiced his belief “that the timing and manner of the disclosure merit serious criticism and admit of explanation, given the document’s obvious importance to both the pleaded claim in fraud and the way in which the case for the Respondents was put on this application”.  He went on to say that, had the email been available to him, it would have had a substantial influence on the way the case had been argued before me.  He concluded:
“I cannot speak for Mr Leech QC but I would ask you to consider carefully whether and to what extent his submissions on the financial information and sales forecasts, and the central importance of the £750,000 Southern Cross contract to these prior to March 2008, remain open to him in the light of these documents.  It is a matter for him to indicate whether he was aware of the three documents when he made his submissions.”
44.	For his part, Mr Leech then wrote to me on 17 February to set out his own position and that of the claimants.  He expressed the willingness of the claimants and himself to accept that an innocent mistake had been made, but said it was nevertheless unfortunate that a serious mistake was made, and that Mr Marshall submitted written submissions to the court making a number of serious allegations without speaking to him personally and waiting for him to respond. Had Mr Marshall done so, Goodman Derrick would then have been able to correct the mistake made by Reynolds Porter Chamberlain.  Equally, there would then have been no basis for Mr Marshall to make further written or oral submissions.  Mr Leech pointed out that the application for summary judgment had already occupied almost two days of the court’s time, and that Ms Forster’s solicitor, Mr Ballinger, had signed a witness statement in support of the application stating his belief that there was no real prospect of success without relying on these documents.  Mr Leech therefore invited me to disregard the further submissions, and not to re-list the matter for further argument.  
45.	In my respectful view Mr Marshall acted over-hastily in writing to the court as he did on 15 February, and enclosing written submissions which made serious allegations against the claimants’ solicitors and counsel, without first having spoken to Mr Leech and given him an opportunity to respond to the allegations. Had that elementary step been taken, the true position on disclosure would have come to light and Ms Forster would have been on much weaker ground in asking the court to accept further submissions or re-open the hearing.  In all the circumstances I do not think it is appropriate for me to admit the further submissions, and in my view more than enough court time has already been spent on an application which I consider to be misconceived. I will merely add that, on the basis of a quick reading of the further submissions, nothing in them would have caused me to take a different view of the case.  At best, the exchange of emails between Ms Davis and Mr Cashmore provides Ms Forster with further material for cross-examination of the claimants and Ms Davis.